Author Topic: Interference and Noise  (Read 115873 times)

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Offline Cutty Sark Sailor

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Re: Interference and Noise
« Reply #225 on: April 25, 2015, 10:44:16 PM »
Dang it.. I've got a blasted new noise source, appeared yesterday, intermittent.. playing heck with both E and H fields...
sigh... a never ending battle for truth, justice and the Blitzing Way.... sheesh.... maybe the damn source will smoke itself or blow up....
aaaarrrggghhhh!   explore it later, if it persists.... rats...

Offline miraculon

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Re: Interference and Noise
« Reply #226 on: April 26, 2015, 02:52:22 PM »
I just had an "interesting" experience with my new garage door opener causing interference mode on the Blitzortung RED.

After getting the opener working right, I checked the Blitz cabinet just to check on things. To my dismay, RED was in serious interference mode. Checking the GUI confirmed that this was the case.

Interestingly, the old Green detector was happy as could be. Inspecting the waveforms, and temporarily turning off the E-Field, confirmed my suspicions that it was not magnetic field. The 1m 9T loops were not bothered.

Unplugging the new GDO, the interference mode ceased. I also tried disconnecting the pushbutton wiring connector, with no effect on the interference.

I was able to reduce gain and increase the threshold voltage and restore some semblance of functionality.

I took my "Natural Radio" VLF receiver and when the antenna was close to the "safety sensor" wires, there were some popping noises, that are probably edges from data transmissions to and from the sensors. My other RF sniffers, which use a coil didn't find anything. The VLF receiver has a whip antenna and is E-field.

Initially, I added snap-on ferrite cores near the GDO head, but after some back and forth with Sparkfinder (Wes) on the sferics.us forum, we concluded that the safety sensors were the transmitting culprits. (Thanks Wes, et al for your suggestions) I also placed ferrites at the sensors just in case.

The conclusion was that shielding of the wires was needed. I had some foil-backed insulation pieces that the former homeowner left over. I made a "shield/ground plane" by taping over the offending wires with copper tape.

The GDO head was grounded, so I ran a ground wire from it to the foil side of the insulation.

This fix was amazingly effective. I had reduced the gain to get the RED out of interference mode. With the shielding in place, I restored the gain I had previously. I even increased it beyond the earlier setting and it was still OK.

As has been pointed out to me, the location of the E-Field antennas in the rafters might not seem to be ideal. However, the 220V power lines feeding my house run directly over the garage and would place the antenna quite close to them. The location was my best compromise and worked well until I installed the new door opener.



.
.
.

Another view showing the antenna better. I am wondering if the shielding of the wires and the creating of a ground plane are both contributing. The offending wires are below the ground plane now, under the copper tape. The white wire is 110V power.



Greg H.





Blitzortung Stations #706 and #1682
CoCoRaHS: MI-PI-1
CWOP: CW4114 and KE8DAF-13
WU: KMIROGER7
Amateur Radio Callsign: KE8DAF

Offline Cutty Sark Sailor

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Re: Interference and Noise
« Reply #227 on: May 01, 2015, 10:16:01 AM »
 Received an interesting, very accurate, and astute PM from an observer earlier today... brought up a very valid observation... one I don't think we've ever spent much time on, but it could really be confusing.  He noted that the images describing "60Hz" noise were actually about "1000hz", and he was basing that (very true) observation on the times displayed.  And he was correct.... however:

The system actually won't detect 60Hz.... what we're seeing is harmonics, in image below about 3.6 -4.8 kHz....  but it is due to the mains box... along with the conversion and sampling rates what we sometimes see on the display is deceptive. The system does not really work like an "RF" or "Audio Frequency" amplifier,... most of the energy is contained, in this case, at 60Hz.. and that's out of the bandpass... the system shows energy during a certain time, at certain frequencies... and the higher '60HZ' harmonics have less energy... but they'll show a misrepresentation at times.   I guarantee those images are due to mains...  they were taken with the antennas right next to the power panel, as was this one a few moments ago.
« Last Edit: May 01, 2015, 11:37:17 AM by Cutty Sark Sailor »

Offline andystorms

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Re: Interference and Noise
« Reply #228 on: May 07, 2015, 08:58:52 PM »
OK just wanted to know why a light bulb in my living room can cause interference,today I set my station up manually with settings 10.10.40 on both chanels.
was running great all day I even was at the top spot in the station list. Now I'm at work and dad's at home he switched the living room light on now it's caused my station to go into interference mode will stay that way now until I finish my night shift in another 4 hours.

Now how can I stop the interference from the light bulb.

Any help would be appreciated.

Thanks.
Andrew Gough
My Blitzortung Lightning Detector
Statistics of Blitzortung station Walsall,West Midlands

Offline Cutty Sark Sailor

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Re: Interference and Noise
« Reply #229 on: May 08, 2015, 07:36:55 AM »
At least you know the source  :twisted:  You don't say if it's LED, CFL, or even a standard on a dimmer. All three are notorious. If shielding antennas doesn't help, try different bulbs.  Maybe ferrites on the power cords... Get antennas as far away from source as possible. And if you're running BT in auto, your system will cycle in and out of interference and drive you crazy.  Find the trigger, gain point where the EMI doesn't trigger interference,.. You can access your controller from the internet if you set it up that way, and adjust from work.... lots of things you can do... but if Dad and the same Light is inseparable, and none of the others work work... it's called 'live with it'  #-o
Remember, this is a network... not about being "#1"...  :grin:

Offline andystorms

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Re: Interference and Noise
« Reply #230 on: May 08, 2015, 10:26:58 AM »
Thank for your reply I'll change the bald tomorrow.
Its working good again now intill the light goes on.i'll put it into auto then.
Thanks.
Andrew Gough
My Blitzortung Lightning Detector
Statistics of Blitzortung station Walsall,West Midlands

Offline andystorms

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Re: Interference and Noise
« Reply #231 on: May 11, 2015, 11:15:05 AM »
Just to let everyone know i solved my noise problem by changing the living room bulb to a led one the cfl i had caused noise interference led dosent so now i can keep my gains up on my lightning detector which gives me better detection all around and gives me better statistics.

Thank you all who helped.
Andrew Gough
My Blitzortung Lightning Detector
Statistics of Blitzortung station Walsall,West Midlands

Offline miraculon

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Re: Interference and Noise
« Reply #232 on: May 17, 2015, 12:53:44 PM »
The "Auto Amplitude Filter" reallly works well.  I had a rather severe noise this morning, driving the old Green unit into continuous interference mode, and the RED was adapting like crazy trying to get rid of it. It had trouble dealing with the noise, being in interference mode most of the time.

Although I didn't capture a "signals" image, it was a repetitive pulse of well over 100mV amplitude. The pulse width was in the lows "10s" of µ-seconds. No idea on what it was, since none of my "sniffers" would pick it up. No effect on E-Field and since both RED and Green were affected, it was definitely H-Field.

I had to go to an extreme threshold on Green to get rid of the constant interference mode. Over ±550mV, whereas the original "default" is at about ±417mV. I typically run it at ±350mV when there is no noise present, which is the normal case. My Green is specially modified to allow a variable threshold, although with the controller out in the garage, this is not as useful as it once was when the controller was at my desk at my old house.

On the RED, I was able to get the system out of interference mode, by activating the "Auto Amplitude Filter". This is the first time I was able to make an A-B-A test of the Auto Amplitude Filter. The RED system definitely entered and left interference mode when I toggled Auto Amplitude Filter. It really worked for this case of noise, which as previously described was repetitive in amplitude and frequency (at least the rep rate put it at the same point on the signals display every time).

Previously, all other activations of Auto Amplitude Filter were kind of a blind guess, this time I could see the positive action of the filter.

Greg H.



Blitzortung Stations #706 and #1682
CoCoRaHS: MI-PI-1
CWOP: CW4114 and KE8DAF-13
WU: KMIROGER7
Amateur Radio Callsign: KE8DAF

Offline Cutty Sark Sailor

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Re: Interference and Noise
« Reply #233 on: May 18, 2015, 07:50:03 AM »
If memory serves, that situation was one of the specific cases the AA filter was added... Most folks don't need it, and will actually perform better without it.  Similar paradigm on auto adapt to noise.  I also experienced a strange interference signal for about 8 days, which kept H field in interference unless I ran manual at about 8*1 or so.  I also could not locate it with any of my techniques... similar to yours.. pulsating between roughly 80-90 KHZ with subs around 8-24 KHZ, and a few >160... It was external to the residence, and frustrated me no end.  Weaker presence on the E-Field C channel (wider bw on C)  Today and yesterday I do not see the Pulse trains, but there is some indications of a VLF carrier... but my environment is tough anyway, so we'll have to see...
The filters had no noticeable effect, and I was on the verge of reviewing my ancient theory and parts boxes to construct a specific 80-90 notch... at the sacrifice of other stuff... this thing was putting H field out of operation for me.  Like you, I could NOT detect it other than with the receiver, although I could get a directional line of sorts...  I do have a suspicion of a possible source, but it won't be easy to prove, or mediate...

Offline miraculon

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Re: Interference and Noise
« Reply #234 on: May 18, 2015, 08:26:07 AM »
My lack of success with the various sniffers that I have built or bought (and the $$$) is frustrating sometimes.  ](*,)
I think that I have decided what to do with my "Green" amp/antenna once "Green" support on BlitzO goes dark later. (this year, next? who knows?)

I will add a battery and a couple of VU meters to it and create a portable sniffer out of it. There is even a headphone jack already on it. I am sure that walking around with the box while wearing headphones will really impress the neighbors. Here comes the men in the white coats!

At least I know it will work!

Greg H.


Blitzortung Stations #706 and #1682
CoCoRaHS: MI-PI-1
CWOP: CW4114 and KE8DAF-13
WU: KMIROGER7
Amateur Radio Callsign: KE8DAF

Offline Cutty Sark Sailor

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Re: Interference and Noise
« Reply #235 on: May 23, 2015, 10:41:40 AM »
While communicating with some operators, I developed a sense that some of us might be
confused when we speak of "interference" and "interference".... :D
We might be using "interference" as 'a disturber or noise that degrades communication or data, or a system's operation'.
But we might also simply be referring to "a system going into 'interference' ".

System RED (and BLUE will likely operate in a similar manner) will go into one of two types of "Interference Modes" from time to time.  "Burst" or "Normal"
The System is designed this way, generally,
1. Because nearby active cells produce so many signals, so rapidly, that they cannot normally be recognized separately... and matter of fact, one "paradigm" of the developers might be phrased as "detected signals <30km are generally useless to the network"  with the current design, anyway.
So when you go interference because of nearby storms.... accept it, let 'er ride, and let the network do its net work.  :D
2. Unless you have a perfect location, sporadic 'disturbers' such as an arcing power line, may produce conditional interference that swamps the controller similar to nearby cells, such are useless anyway.  But they're sporadic, and when they cease, you'll come out of interference.
3. Repeating, identical, signals that might be caused by someone standing nearby with walkie-talkie, burst of repeating  power line noise... weird stuff.

Now, while Interference Modes can be triggered by non-lightning signals,  it is based on the "number of signals sent" within certain time frames.
Except for the limited 'repetition and recurring' algorithms for "Burst Mode", it has no recognition of "types of signals" and doesn't care.
Interference mode can be activated due to signals on all channels, or one single channel, or a combination if you're running 5 channels including both H and E field.

It also is one 'controller parameter' that is monitored over time and varied by the server/controller! 
In other words, the server/controller can lower or raise those limits depending on what it sees from your station! 
You only have "indirect control' of this response: your operating mode, gains and thresholds, etc.
The 'basic' purpose is to avoid sending "too many signals" or "EM noise pulses" from your station.

These "interference parameters" operate no matter what mode you're in -Auto or Manual: 

If you look at your 'status' page when you access your controller web interface, down under "other parameters', you see something like this:
Interference Mode
•   Burst        When > 80sig/s in 3s average. Disable when 50% below threshold
•   Normal     When > 70sig/s in 60s average. Disable when 30% below threshold

...and if too many signals are actually sent under certain conditions,
that will 'back that down' to, for e.g. 30sig and 15sigs.... until
you can come out of interference, and the limits will rise again after some period of time.

So if over "some period of time" you've averaged over 70sigs/minute, you'll go into "Normal" interference, and stay there until it drops below 70sigs average.... which can be a long time... especially if the /controller has lowered the max limit temporarily for your controller to 15...! And if you are in Auto mode it could take even longer under certain conditions, as the controller may continuously cycle on and off and in and out of the mode.

For Burst mode... (short periods of repeating signals) it'll come out of interference much quicker.. a few seconds). It can be longer, again, if your limits have been temporarily lowered...

Remembering that you have only indirect control over 'Interference Mode" ... each channel's 'gain and threshold' settings.
If you're in "Automatic" mode, you have no access to your gains and threshold settings. Unless you desire to wait until the sources vanish on their own, you'll have to return to "Manual" mode, and reapply gain/thresholds settings under each specific amp, (the actual gains /thresholds have been set by "Auto", and they are NOT visible under the AMP settings... that shows you your settings so you must hit apply to reset the "Auto" parameter.
It follows, then, that if H channel A is the one causing the interference, you could back down channel A to 'just under noise trigger level, it will now come out of interference, and channel B  continues its merry way, and A now is of some use also.
You can take it from here.

(This is duplicated at http://sferics.us/bo1/index.php?topic=130.0 for cross searching )

Offline dfroula

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Re: Interference and Noise
« Reply #236 on: May 23, 2015, 11:29:33 AM »
Nice post and a very good explanation of an important distinction!

Thanks, Mike. I was explaining this to another member privately a few days ago. You summarized it far better than I.

Best regards,

Don F.
WD9DMP

Offline Cutty Sark Sailor

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Re: Interference and Noise
« Reply #237 on: June 14, 2015, 10:18:04 AM »
Stumbled across this, which on a quick view, appears to use the "Pesky" hypothesis....
http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijap/2013/163905/
of all things, breast cancer!
Need study it a bit more... but:

Offline Cutty Sark Sailor

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Re: Interference and Noise
« Reply #238 on: December 01, 2016, 04:55:14 PM »
Couple of thoughts:

First...Last year, etc... we tried to use the FFT display for localizing Freq of noise, and found that there was about a 20% error in freq.  I checked a few minutes ago, and it looks like that has been more or less resolved... looks like any error is maybe a % or 2 'high'... checked on both RED and Blue, and now looks like this at 100 kHz -- at antennas:
Click for large image... 100 kHz at antennas, Red & Blue


Note: Americas Region (Region 3) RED and BLUE operators can view their signals at http://sferics.us/  at "Live Station Signals"  or direct access at http://sferics.us/BoStaSig/   NOTE you must be registered. Registration only available for Blitzortung Operators with valid station, id, region, etc....
If your Americas region (3) station isn't on the station list, let me know... or if you need to change something... Email me.

Second
I don't think the problem is too severe here in Region 3, but I'm convinced a lot of new operators are using inadequate power supplies, causing some of their headaches.  The way BLUE is designed, often grounding in some locations is causing more issues.  I'm also convinced many are not spending enough effort to track noise sources... too bad. Not for the faint of heart.

Third ANYBODY having an issue periodically with poor page loading on attempting access WEB controller?

Offline miraculon

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Re: Interference and Noise
« Reply #239 on: December 02, 2016, 08:26:58 AM »
Quote
Third ANYBODY having an issue periodically with poor page loading on attempting access WEB controller?

Yes! This has been happening on the RED, but not the Blue. I have been running FW 8.3b2 (on both with their respective "colors")

I either get a text-looking white screen with just headers or something. The display is blinking the "NET" icon and when I select with the "user" button, it complains about checking the network connection. The RED is on the same switch and WiFi Client as the Blue, and the connection is solid. A reboot clears it up, but it recurs after about a week.

Is this an artifact of the http debug messages that Tobi added? I have been contemplating reverting the RED to the last stable release. I have to go out to the garage to reboot the unit. Interestingly, the data still appears to be getting through and is current on the List Of Stations.

I wish that there was an SSH option to remotely reboot without the GUI (or the trek to the garage).

Greg H.


Blitzortung Stations #706 and #1682
CoCoRaHS: MI-PI-1
CWOP: CW4114 and KE8DAF-13
WU: KMIROGER7
Amateur Radio Callsign: KE8DAF

Offline Cutty Sark Sailor

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Re: Interference and Noise
« Reply #240 on: December 02, 2016, 11:11:04 AM »
Quote
Third ANYBODY having an issue periodically with poor page loading on attempting access WEB controller?

Yes! This has been happening on the RED, but not the Blue. I have been running FW 8.3b2 (on both with their respective "colors")

I either get a text-looking white screen with just headers or something. The display is blinking the "NET" icon and when I select with the "user" button, it complains about checking the network connection. The RED is on the same switch and WiFi Client as the Blue, and the connection is solid. A reboot clears it up, but it recurs after about a week.
Quote
Is this an artifact of the http debug messages that Tobi added?

Greg H.

I don't think so.  Here's what I'm speculating ... There's a whole lot of JUNK crap coming into the BT servers from a lot of crappy new BLUE installs... that's obvious.  Thank goodness it doesn't seem to be centered in our region,.  Also, I think they're doing some server work to help combat this. Also there have been some network crap into and in Europe.
Now, the Server wants to 'talk to' the controller quite often.
I think what's happening is the server and local controller hare having periodic issues communicating with each other... when the controller is in 'receive / adapt" mode, trying to get packets from server, and we also try to connect, ... that's when I think a lot of this is happening.
thoughts?

Offline miraculon

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Re: Interference and Noise
« Reply #241 on: December 02, 2016, 12:21:17 PM »
Quote
thoughts?

So it sounds like it would be across the various FW versions and reverting isn't going to do much good, if your theory is correct.

Hmm.. I hope that they come up with a fix. DDoS via Download? Is that what is going on?

Greg H.


Blitzortung Stations #706 and #1682
CoCoRaHS: MI-PI-1
CWOP: CW4114 and KE8DAF-13
WU: KMIROGER7
Amateur Radio Callsign: KE8DAF

Offline Cutty Sark Sailor

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Re: Interference and Noise
« Reply #242 on: December 02, 2016, 12:32:10 PM »
I've had the issue before, intermittently, on both Colors, with Various firmware... Jay also had an issue last couple of days... similar.
Mine was so bad this summer while a lot networking to Europe issues in LEVEL 3s, that I (NOW- don't ask me to explain this) switched from LAN accessing to WAN accessing, and it made a dramatic speed improvement as well as more reliable connection. I've an inquiry in to DEVs, waiting on their thoughts...

Offline W0BTU

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Re: Interference and Noise
« Reply #243 on: January 04, 2019, 07:29:44 PM »
...switched from LAN accessing to WAN accessing, and it made a dramatic speed improvement as well as more reliable connection. I've an inquiry in to DEVs, waiting on their thoughts...

By LAN accessing, I assume that you are going through your router; and WAN accessing bypasses it? If so, I would suspect a slow router.

When I ditched my old D-Link router (and wasn't a cheap one) and built my own using pfSense installed on an ancient 450 MHz PC, there was a dramatic speed improvement.
« Last Edit: January 04, 2019, 07:47:32 PM by W0BTU »
Stations: 1977, 2294

Offline W0BTU

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Re: Interference and Noise
« Reply #244 on: January 04, 2019, 10:44:21 PM »
Mike,
Do you have any half-duplex cards, switches, patch cables, etc. on your LAN? Those are identified by having four instead of eight contacts. All it takes is one, and it'll cut your entire LAN throughput by half.

Same thing can happen if there's a broken wire or bad contact.
Stations: 1977, 2294

Offline Phil23

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Re: Interference and Noise
« Reply #245 on: August 29, 2019, 08:06:25 PM »
Just browsed this entire thread & I see no mention of the Digital Filter Option.

I'd be interested to hear more about it & see the interface options available when it's installed.
I did see mention of "Above 20kHz....

A look at the data sheets indicates the devices can filter lower.
It mentions 128kHz/32kHz/8kHz.

 [ You are not allowed to view attachments ]

In my case I'm looking at a source that's in the 18-20kHz range that's permanently there & a bit directional.

It may well be just part of my environment which has stuff like a Ubiquiti PowerBeam 5AC, fed by PoE.
14 security cameras also on Poe.
Hybrid Solar inverter & panels.

All in about 300m of CAT6 running about the place & a total of 5 network switches.

Considering moving my station to the rear of the property, about a 20m displacement, but that will not change it's location much in relation to an extension lead that runs on the other side of the yard to get power & data to the other shed via Ethernet Over Power adaptors.

Edit,

I'm Station 1928 by the way.
« Last Edit: August 29, 2019, 08:09:18 PM by Phil23 »

Offline Cutty Sark Sailor

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Re: Interference and Noise
« Reply #246 on: August 29, 2019, 09:33:29 PM »
Sorry... if you have interferers below 20 KHz, those are junk you'll have to find physical or channel gain/threshold solutions.  I've three systems, 2 Reds, and a 19.1  BLUE developer's release with repairs and modifications. I can tell you from experience there are simply some things we have to learn to live with, and adjust to... If your station must operate at a maximum range of 800 km because of your 18 K noise... so be it.. the informatuion you send will be just as viable, and likely of better quality for those signals, as folks in excellent locations, who can run 4000miles.   So What????  You probaably can't be a locator beyond 800 miles normally anyway.... sure you miss some 'detectons', but you'll send a lot less useless signals.  30-800 km is one of the original network paradigms, anyway... best data, least junk signals,etc. 

The primary impulse charactistics we'rei interested in is the 3 kHz to 30 kHz range. Higher frequencies are important, so the more that are present, the better data. The design bandpass of a System Blue is 3-300+ KHz with the HP filter analog secment operating. With it off, the BP is 3-60 KHz.

The optional filters, if installed, are operating currently at a LP variable of 22 toi 220 KHz.  Neither your 'normal' "HP off" even with optional filter combinations, will eliminate signals below ± 20khz.  Additionally, since the Server computation algorithms for computation of vall the various filter configuratio9ns oif the optional filters are still in development, use of the optional filkters in some circumstances can lead to degradation in data quality.
When first released, those optional filters were allowed to run wide open, about 5±  to 300+. What was discovered at frequemcies above 250 KHz, digital artifacts and distortion would be at times introduced into the digital portion, among these digital aliasing, at the preferred sampling rate of 500kHz...

The system can function, of course, at a higher sampling rate, but so many operators "played games" with things they may not be conversant with,  the Server was told to 'disregard any signals not at 500, and  all the systems were sent configuration commands from the server to restrict the optional filters to 20-220 kHz.   That's where it still remains, until all the 'experimental' amd developmental algorithms, both for filter settings, higher samoling freq, higher signal rate, a DSP filter, noise elimination are incorporated on ZSserver, and in system firmware as applicable
« Last Edit: August 29, 2019, 09:42:16 PM by Cutty Sark Sailor »

Offline Phil23

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Re: Interference and Noise
« Reply #247 on: September 02, 2019, 06:07:51 AM »
My interference is definitely emanating from the Solar Panels.

Rotated my loop today & it was apparent in the change & noise floor on the suspect channels went down.
Dragged the H-Field & E-Probe down from the roof & tied them to a steel post in the back yard & all much better.
About a 10m displacement.

Plan B is to get it on the far Gable of the garage. Got a new switch for in there today & a data cabinet up,
so should go on plan for a proper relocation next weekend.
« Last Edit: September 14, 2019, 06:30:34 PM by Phil23 »

Offline miraculon

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Re: Interference and Noise
« Reply #248 on: September 02, 2019, 08:14:27 AM »
My interference is definitely emanating from the Solar Panels.

Rotated my loop today & it was apparent in the change & noise floor on the suspect channels went down.
Dragged the H-Field & E-Probe down from the roof & tied them to a steel post in the back yard & all much better.
About a 10m displacement.

Plan B is to get it on the far Gable of the garage. Got a new switch for in there today & a data cab up,
so should go on plan for a proper relocation next weekend.

I am a Ham Radio operator and subscribe to the QST magazine. A few years back there was an article about noise from solar panels and interference on Ham radio bands.

The RSGB has the article available here: https://rsgb.org/main/files/2014/02/QST20Solar20April2020165b25d.pdf

Perhaps you might find some useful advice in the article. Even though the HF Ham bands are not particularly high frequency, you may need to adapt some of the advice for lower frequencies that the Blitzortung system is looking for. Relocating the antenna farther away is a good step, I agree.

Greg H.


Blitzortung Stations #706 and #1682
CoCoRaHS: MI-PI-1
CWOP: CW4114 and KE8DAF-13
WU: KMIROGER7
Amateur Radio Callsign: KE8DAF

Offline W0BTU

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Re: Interference and Noise
« Reply #249 on: September 12, 2019, 12:27:07 PM »
Thank you for sharing this. The article talks about reducing interference in the HF bands using ferrite.

However, mix 26 powdered-iron is much better suited for ELF than any ferrite mix. Details at https://ham.stackexchange.com/questions/10003/need-a-ferrite-suppression-material-for-choking-15-khz-to-60-khz .
Stations: 1977, 2294