As far as I know, the ISS does not buffer (or store) the data.
Only rainfall AFAIK. All other real-time readings will be missed.
And personally I wouldn't say it's common for heavy rain to cause signal dropout - that suggests to me that the signal strength (RSSI) is marginal. If you could increase it a bit (less distance, remove obstacles, align antennas better etc) then it probably wouldn't drop out.
It would be useful to look at the Console Diagnostics, etc.
And I also said "Missed transmissions are missed data". As you know, the rainfall data isn't actually "stored", (in the sense of "when did this incremental amount of rain fall).
Total rain accumulates, and that figure will be received at the next good reception (unless, of course, the "counter" rolls over). But the rain rate profile isn't available for the period of missing data. That's probably "too much information".
I should have said:
TOTAL rainfall will (usually) be buffered.